Tiahuanaco culture (200 B.C. - 1200 A.D.). It is one of the few cultures that has left impressive archaeological remains throughout much of the territory for the current study. The first student to arrive at the ruins of Tiahuanaco and a detailed description was the chronicler Pedro Cieza de Leon in the sixteenth century, but the first archaeologist to do a scientific analysis of the Tiahuanaco culture was the German Friedrich Max Uhle, early twentieth century. Later scholars and renowned of this culture have been written by Bolivians as Carlos Ponce Sanjines and American Wendell Bennett.
Tiahuanaco was the capital of a large Andean state comprising an area that today is part of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina. The capital of the Tiwanaku empire is also called Taipikala, northwest of the city of La Paz (Bolivia), at an altitude of 3,885 m and 15 km from Lake Titicaca.
Is said that the term "ICTY vanaco!" In Quechua means "sit down and rest guanaco", saying that when the Inca conquered the area Collao was surprised with the speed of the messengers in both its organization and in the exchange product of different altitudinal levels. That's why I call one of them and said "ICTY Vanaco" Sit down and rest guanaco!, Referring to the agile Andean camelids. Since then states that the city retains the name of Tiahuanaco (Peru) or Tiwanaku (Bolivia).
Tiahuanaco was a state based on an expanding agricultural economy. It is believed that the dominant group would have been composed of warriors, who handled political affairs and religious. Moreover, there were also craftsmen, farmers, fishermen and shepherds. Tiahuanaco religion was imposed from the State, local cults were absorbed into neighboring territories.
Recognizes the following periods:
• Villager Epochs I and II 1500 BC C. - 45 d. C.
• Urban Times III and IV 45 d. C. - 700 d. C.
• Expansive Epoch V 700 d. C. - D. 1200 C.
Tiahuanaco reached its importance thanks to its strategic location in the lake basin, which converge a number of caravan routes. This privileged position allowed to control the flow of important goods that were produced in lower altitude areas, such as coca, corn or peppers. This created a vast network of trade in goods and services, which went in a direct benefit.
To address the impact of climate on agriculture, built high fields, known as "ridges" that prevented flooding and, in turn, accumulated moisture, moderating the rapid change of temperature and providing abundant harvests.
Characteristics of the Economy:
Collective agriculture: - platforms, Waru Waru or ridges - vertical control of ecological - Formation of colonies in distant locations for products in these regions.
The complex architecture of Tiwanaku is located 20 miles south of Lake Titicaca. This is an urban center comprising administrative and religious buildings and surrounding plazas semihundido platforms. At the center of this complex is Kalasasaya building. Other buildings are: Semi Temple, Keri Cala, Putuni, Laka Kollu and Akapana pyramids, and Wila Pumapunku Pukara, which served as residence for the elite priesthood.
Much of the Tiwanaku architecture could not be preserved because of the low resistance of the mud in front of such severe weather conditions.
The ceremonial center measured 126 m. long by 117 m. wide. Inside there is a large rectangular courtyard that was sunk down a staircase carved from a single rock of six steps, passing through a monolithic door in the middle is the "Wake" or "Ponce Monolith."
Chulpas: Developed various building types, among them The Chulpas, which are stone burial structures, where they buried their dead.
La Puerta del Sol or home is on the platform Kalasasaya most important ceremonial temple archeological site of Tiwanaku. The large monolithic cover is 3 m. high by 3.75 m. wide, its weight is estimated at 12 tonnes. The lintel was carved from one piece of a block of andesite and is fully sculpted in high relief and flat. At the center is represented the God of Varas.
Kalasasaya: entrance, is one of the most important ceremonial buildings of the large body of Tiwanaku, built with large stones of 5 m. high, some blocks weighing over 100 tons were brought from great distances ranging from 10 to 300 km.
Tiwanaku style pottery provides details symmetric, is realistic and with a combination of black, ocher, red, white and gray. The most common type of vessel is "kero, decorated on one side with a seemingly human face forms, presented in low relief. Other examples of pottery Tiahuanaco are: short neck bottles, globular jars with vertical handles, pitchers dual loop container bridge, and vessels in the shape of birds and human heads. There are no known vessels decorated with fruit or plants. Designs include geometric patterns with concentric circles. Among the figures anthropomorphic, zoomorphic and phytomorphic emphasizes the use of the corn plant.
Tiahuanaco Pottery Features:
Homophonies forms.
The decoration is painted and incised.
The reasons are complex: they represent birds, cats, fish and snakes.
Most common forms: botelliformes and large vessels with feline figures
Tiahuanaco was characterized by having known the bronze, which took advantage and military technology to other cultures in America.
Wiracocha was the chief god of the Tiahuanaco culture, the same that was represented in the famous home of the Sun
However, around 1100 AD the city and ceremonial center was abandoned and the Tiahuanaco culture disappeared in the olvido.Se estimated that a severe drought was responsible for its economic collapse and loss of influence, marking the end of a culture that rose in the Altiplano almost a thousand years before the Incas.
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